安全 HTTP 响应头

你可以使用安全 HTTP 响应头来提高 Web 应用程序的安全性。本节专门介绍对安全 HTTP 响应头的基于 WebFlux 的支持。

默认安全头

Spring Security 提供了一组默认安全 HTTP 响应头以提供安全默认值。虽然这些头中的每一个都被认为是最佳实践，但需要注意的是，并非所有客户端都使用这些头，因此建议进行额外的测试。

你可以自定义特定头。例如，假设你想要默认值，但希望为 X-Frame-Options 指定 SAMEORIGIN。

你可以使用以下配置来实现此目的

自定义默认安全头

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
				.mode(Mode.SAMEORIGIN)
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            frameOptions {
                mode = Mode.SAMEORIGIN
            }
        }
    }
}

如果你不希望添加默认值并希望明确控制应该使用什么，则可以禁用默认值

禁用 HTTP 安全响应头

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers.disable());
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            disable()
        }
    }
}

缓存控制

Spring Security 默认包含 Cache Control 标头。

但是，如果您实际上想要缓存特定响应，您的应用程序可以选择性地将它们添加到 ServerHttpResponse 以覆盖 Spring Security 设置的标头。这对于确保 CSS、JavaScript 和图像等内容得到正确缓存非常有用。

在使用 Spring WebFlux 时，您通常在配置中执行此操作。您可以在 Spring 参考文档的静态资源部分中找到有关如何执行此操作的详细信息。

如果需要，您还可以禁用 Spring Security 的缓存控制 HTTP 响应标头。

已禁用缓存控制

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.cache(cache -> cache.disable())
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            cache {
                disable()
            }
        }
    }
}

内容类型选项

默认情况下，Spring Security 包含 Content-Type 标头。但是，您可以禁用它

已禁用内容类型选项

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.contentTypeOptions(contentTypeOptions -> contentTypeOptions.disable())
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            contentTypeOptions {
                disable()
            }
        }
    }
}

HTTP 严格传输安全 (HSTS)

默认情况下，Spring Security 提供严格传输安全标头。但是，您可以明确自定义结果。例如，以下示例明确提供了 HSTS

严格传输安全

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.hsts(hsts -> hsts
				.includeSubdomains(true)
				.preload(true)
				.maxAge(Duration.ofDays(365))
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            hsts {
                includeSubdomains = true
                preload = true
                maxAge = Duration.ofDays(365)
            }
        }
    }
}

X-Frame-Options

默认情况下，Spring Security 通过使用 X-Frame-Options 禁用在 iframe 中渲染。

您可以自定义框架选项以使用相同来源

X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
				.mode(SAMEORIGIN)
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            frameOptions {
                mode = SAMEORIGIN
            }
        }
    }
}

X-XSS-Protection

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器通过使用 <<headers-xss-protection,X-XSS-Protection 标头> 禁用 XSS 审核器。您可以完全禁用 X-XSS-Protection 标头

X-XSS-Protection 自定义

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.xssProtection(xssProtection -> xssProtection.disable())
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            xssProtection {
                disable()
            }
        }
    }
}

您还可以更改标头值

X-XSS-Protection 显式标头值

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.xssProtection(xssProtection -> xssProtection.headerValue(XXssProtectionServerHttpHeadersWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK))
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            xssProtection {
                headerValue = XXssProtectionServerHttpHeadersWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK
            }
        }
    }
}

内容安全策略 (CSP)

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加内容安全策略，因为在不了解应用程序上下文的情况下，无法得知合理的默认值。Web 应用程序作者必须声明要强制执行和/或监视受保护资源的安全策略。

例如，考虑以下安全策略

内容安全策略示例

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/

给定上述策略，你可以启用 CSP 标头

内容安全策略

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.contentSecurityPolicy(policy -> policy
				.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            contentSecurityPolicy {
                policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
            }
        }
    }
}

要启用 CSP report-only 标头，请提供以下配置

内容安全策略仅报告

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.contentSecurityPolicy(policy -> policy
				.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
				.reportOnly()
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            contentSecurityPolicy {
                policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                reportOnly = true
            }
        }
    }
}

引荐策略

Spring Security 默认情况下添加引荐策略标头，指令为 no-referrer。你可以使用如下所示的配置更改引荐策略标头

引荐策略配置

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.referrerPolicy(referrer -> referrer
				.policy(ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN)
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            referrerPolicy {
                policy = ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN
            }
        }
    }
}

功能策略

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加功能策略标头。考虑以下 Feature-Policy 标头

功能策略示例

Feature-Policy: geolocation 'self'

你可以启用上述功能策略标头

功能策略配置

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
        }
    }
}

权限策略

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加权限策略标头。考虑以下 Permissions-Policy 标头

权限策略示例

Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(self)

你可以启用上述权限策略标头

权限策略配置

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.headers(headers -> headers
			.permissionsPolicy(permissions -> permissions
				.policy("geolocation=(self)")
			)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    return http {
        // ...
        headers {
            permissionsPolicy {
                policy = "geolocation=(self)"
            }
        }
    }
}

清除站点数据

默认情况下，Spring Security 不会添加清除站点数据标头。考虑以下 Clear-Site-Data 标头

清除站点数据示例

Clear-Site-Data: "cache", "cookies"

你可以在注销时发送 Clear-Site-Data 标头

清除站点数据配置

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain(ServerHttpSecurity http) {
	ServerLogoutHandler securityContext = new SecurityContextServerLogoutHandler();
	ClearSiteDataServerHttpHeadersWriter writer = new ClearSiteDataServerHttpHeadersWriter(CACHE, COOKIES);
	ServerLogoutHandler clearSiteData = new HeaderWriterServerLogoutHandler(writer);
	DelegatingServerLogoutHandler logoutHandler = new DelegatingServerLogoutHandler(securityContext, clearSiteData);

	http
		// ...
		.logout()
			.logoutHandler(logoutHandler);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun webFilterChain(http: ServerHttpSecurity): SecurityWebFilterChain {
    val securityContext: ServerLogoutHandler = SecurityContextServerLogoutHandler()
    val writer = ClearSiteDataServerHttpHeadersWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)
    val clearSiteData: ServerLogoutHandler = HeaderWriterServerLogoutHandler(writer)
    val customLogoutHandler = DelegatingServerLogoutHandler(securityContext, clearSiteData)

    return http {
        // ...
        logout {
            logoutHandler = customLogoutHandler
        }
    }
}